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Multiple myeloma: 2018 update on diagnosis, risk-stratification, and management. Long-Term Follow-up of Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance. Kyle R.A., Larson D.R., Therneau T.M., Dispenzieri A., Kumar S., Cerhan J.R., Rajkumar S.V. Adipokines, adiposity, and bone marrow adipocytes: Dangerous accomplices in multiple myeloma. Influence of body mass index on survival in veterans with multiple myeloma. Part of the circRNA can also encode peptides or proteins.īeason T.S., Chang S.H., Sanfilippo K.M., Luo S., Colditz G.A., Vij R., Tomasson M.H., Dipersio J.F., Stockerl-Goldstein K., Ganti A., et al. ( e) circRNAs can bind miRNAs acting as a sponge to regulate downstream transcription, or can enhance the expression of host genes by improving the activity of Pol II in the nucleus. ( d) LncRNAs can modify gene expression by multiple mechanisms: they can act as decoy of transcription factors, sponge for miRNAs, regulators of splicing, recruiters of chromatin modifier complexes or modulate mRNA stability. The PIWI ribonucleoprotein (piRNP) complex functions in transposon repression through target degradation and epigenetic silencing. ( c) piRNAs are expressed as single stranded RNAs (ss piRNAs) or produced through a secondary amplification loop. ( b) Mature snoRNAs generated by splicing, debranching and trimming are either exported from the nucleus, where they regulate ribosomal RNA (rRNA) processing, or remain in the nucleus, where they can regulate alternative splicing. miRNAs function through degradation of protein-coding transcripts or translational repression. ( a) After being transcribed in the nucleus from a primary-miRNA (pri-miRNA), precursor miRNAs (pre-miRNAs) are exported by exportin 5 in the cytoplasm and processed by Dicer, which generates mature miRNAs, then loaded into the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC).
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Molecular features and mechanism of action of the different ncRNA classes. LncRNA miRNA multiple myeloma non-coding RNA plasma cell dyscrasia. It is hoped these insights may lead to clinical applications of non-coding RNA molecules as biomarkers or therapeutic targets/agents in the near future.
#Magna graecia landscape Pc#
The most relevant classes of non-coding RNAs will be examined, along with the mechanisms accounting for their dysregulation and the recent strategies used for their targeting in PC dyscrasias. In this review, we aim to summarize the most relevant findings on the biological and clinical features of the non-coding RNA landscape of malignant PCs, with major focus on multiple myeloma. Increasing evidence indicates that such non-coding molecules also feature in the pathobiology of PC dyscrasias, where they are endowed with strong therapeutic and/or prognostic potential. The discovery and subsequent characterization of non-coding transcripts, which include several members with diverse length and mode of action, has unraveled novel mechanisms of gene expression regulation often malfunctioning in cancer.